Lambda layer

Lambda class

tf.keras.layers.Lambda(
    function, output_shape=None, mask=None, arguments=None, **kwargs
)

Wraps arbitrary expressions as a Layer object.

The Lambda layer exists so that arbitrary expressions can be used as a Layer when constructing Sequential and Functional API models. Lambda layers are best suited for simple operations or quick experimentation. For more advanced use cases, follow this guide for subclassing tf.keras.layers.Layer.

WARNING: tf.keras.layers.Lambda layers have (de)serialization limitations!

The main reason to subclass tf.keras.layers.Layer instead of using a Lambda layer is saving and inspecting a Model. Lambda layers are saved by serializing the Python bytecode, which is fundamentally non-portable. They should only be loaded in the same environment where they were saved. Subclassed layers can be saved in a more portable way by overriding their get_config method. Models that rely on subclassed Layers are also often easier to visualize and reason about.

Examples

# add a x -> x^2 layer
model.add(Lambda(lambda x: x ** 2))

# add a layer that returns the concatenation
# of the positive part of the input and
# the opposite of the negative part

def antirectifier(x):
    x -= K.mean(x, axis=1, keepdims=True)
    x = K.l2_normalize(x, axis=1)
    pos = K.relu(x)
    neg = K.relu(-x)
    return K.concatenate([pos, neg], axis=1)

model.add(Lambda(antirectifier))

Variables: While it is possible to use Variables with Lambda layers, this practice is discouraged as it can easily lead to bugs. For instance, consider the following layer:

  scale = tf.Variable(1.)
  scale_layer = tf.keras.layers.Lambda(lambda x: x * scale)

Because scale_layer does not directly track the scale variable, it will not appear in scale_layer.trainable_weights and will therefore not be trained if scale_layer is used in a Model.

A better pattern is to write a subclassed Layer:

  class ScaleLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self):
      super(ScaleLayer, self).__init__()
      self.scale = tf.Variable(1.)

    def call(self, inputs):
      return inputs * self.scale

In general, Lambda layers can be convenient for simple stateless computation, but anything more complex should use a subclass Layer instead.

Arguments

• function: The function to be evaluated. Takes input tensor as first argument.
• output_shape: Expected output shape from function. This argument can be inferred if not explicitly provided. Can be a tuple or function. If a tuple, it only specifies the first dimension onward; sample dimension is assumed either the same as the input: output_shape = (input_shape[0], ) + output_shape or, the input is None and the sample dimension is also None: output_shape = (None, ) + output_shape If a function, it specifies the entire shape as a function of the input shape: output_shape = f(input_shape)
• mask: Either None (indicating no masking) or a callable with the same signature as the compute_mask layer method, or a tensor that will be returned as output mask regardless of what the input is.
• arguments: Optional dictionary of keyword arguments to be passed to the function.

Input shape Arbitrary. Use the keyword argument input_shape (tuple of

integers, does not include the samples axis) when using this layer as the first layer in a model.

Output shape Specified by output_shape argument